Modifications of Aortic Arches in Vertebrates Modifications of Aortic Arches in Vertebrates :- Basic embryonic plan. In a typical vertebrates embryo, the major arterial channels include a ventral aorta, a dorsal aorta and usually 6 pairs of aortic arches connecting ventral aorta with the dorsal aorta. Blood leaves the heart through ventral aorta which runs […]
Circulatory System in Vertebrates Circulatory System in Vertebrates :- In order to carry on vital life processes, all animals, from the simplest protozoans to the most complex vertebrates, required that — (1) Food absorbed through digestive tract and oxygen collected in respiratory organs, must be transported to all parts of the body, continually, for metabolism.
Introduction Hantavirus is a rare but potentially serious viral infection that spreads mainly through contact with infected rodents and their droppings, urine, or saliva. Although uncommon, hantavirus infections can become life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. Increased awareness about rodent-borne diseases and recent global discussions around hantavirus outbreaks have made it important for people
Respiratory System in Vertebrates Respiratory System in Vertebrates :- Every cell in a living organism consumes oxygen (02) during oxidation of substances resulting in the release of heat and energy and production of carbon dioxide (C02). This C02 acts as a poison for protoplasm unless removed from the body. The term respiration is used in
Digestive System in Vertebrates Digestive System in Vertebrates :- Oxygen, water and food are necessary for the continuance of life. 02 enters the body through the agency of respiratory system, but water and food are first taken into the digestive tract of every living being. Associated with the tract are its derivatives or accessory organs,
Definition of Integument The term integument is applied to the outermost protective covering of the animal body, the skin, and its various derivatives. Skin also includes the conjunctiva of eyeballs and external surface of eardrums. It is directly continuous with the mucous epithelial lining of mouth, rectum, nostrils, eyelids and urinogenital ducts. Functions of integument
Integument or Skin and its Derivatives in Vertebrates Read More »
Types of Feet in Birds The types of feet in birds are also modified variously in accordance with the character of the environment and the manner of locomotion 1.Cursorial or running feet :-In running birds, the legs are powerful and the number of toes is reduced. The hind toe may be elevated, reduced or absent.
Placentation in Mammals What is Placenta Modes of embryonic nutrition differ in different mammals. Prototheria or monotremes (Tachyglossus, Ornithorhynchus) are oviparous like most reptiles and birds. They produce large, heavily yolked and shelled eggs. The vitelline vessels developed in the wall of yolk sac carry yolky nutrients to the developing embryo. There is no uterine
The Indian honey bee, Apis indica, is a subspecies of the Asian honey bee. In India, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and mainland Asia, it is one of the most common bees encountered and domesticated. It is perfect for beekeeping because it is generally non-aggressive and seldom displays swarming behavior. It resembles the
The genus Melolontha belongs to the Scarabaeidae family of beetles. This genus includes the European cockchafers. Insects classified as beetles belong to the superorder Holometabola and the order Coleoptera. They differ from most other insects in that their first pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, or elytra. With over 400,000 recognized species, the Coleoptera
Moth belong to the order Lepidoptera, which also includes butterflies. Moths are distinguished by their dark or dull-patterned wings. The group is paraphyletic with regard to butterflies (suborder Rhopalocera), and neither subordinate taxon is used in current classifications. Previously, they were classed as suborder Heterocera. The great majority of the order consists of moths. Moths
Cicada have membranous front wings, short antennae, and prominent eyes spaced widely apart. In most species, their drum-like tymbals quickly buckle and unbuckle to generate an incredibly loud song. Current species of Cicadomorpha can be found worldwide in moderate to tropical regions; the earliest known fossils date back to the Upper Permian. Usually found in
Aphids are tiny insects that feed on sap and belong to the Hemipteran order’s Aphididae family. Although individuals within a species can differ greatly in color, common names include “greenfly” and “blackfly.” The fluffy white woolly aphids are part of the group. In a typical life cycle, flightless females give live birth to female nymphs
Belostoma, also referred to as huge water bugs, is a genus of insects belonging to the hemipteran family Belostomatidae. This genus’s members are indigenous to freshwater environments throughout the Americas, with tropical South America having the highest species richness.Although Belostoma is still a genus with a large number of members, the majority of species in
The genus Nepa is a member of the Nepidae family, which includes water scorpions. In the Northern Hemisphere, species can be found in freshwater environments. They are aquatic insects with oval bodies and raptorial front legs. They are easily distinguished from the Belostomatidae by having two nonretractable cerci-like breathing tubes on the terminal abdominal segment,
A dragonfly is a flying insect that is a member of the Anisoptera infraorder, which is subordinate to the Odonata order. There are currently about 3,000 species of dragonflies. There are fewer species in temperate climates, and the majority are tropical. Dragonfly populations worldwide are under risk due to the loss of wetland habitat. Adult
Mayflies are aquatic insects that belong to the order Ephemeroptera. They are also known as shadflies or fishflies in Canada and up-winged flies, up-wing flies, or drake-flies in the UK. This genus belongs to the ephimera, an ancient group of insects that also includes damselflies and dragonflies. There are more than 3,000 recognized species of
A class of eusocial insects known as termites eats a wide range of decomposing plant matter, usually in the form of wood, leaf litter, and soil humus. They have been referred to as “white ants” because of their soft-bodied, unpigmented worker caste and beaded (moniliform) antennae, but they are actually highly derived cockroaches rather than
The genus Forficula belongs to the family of earwigs. Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist, initially defined Forficulidae in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758. Earwigs, once tiny pinchers, are known by the Latin name Forficula. The genus is native to Afro-Eurasia, mainly Europe, and is found on every continent except Antarctica. Forficula auricularia is the
The largest family of the order Mantodea (mantises) is the Mantidae family, which includes the European mantis (Mantis religiosa), a huge hemimetabolic insect. The term “praying mantis” comes from the characteristic position of the mantis’s first pair of legs, which resembles a position of prayer when it is in repose. The elongated bodies of both
