Biochemistry Archives | Zoologyverse

Lipid biosynthesis pathways showing fatty acid, cholesterol, phospholipid and sphingolipid synthesis from acetyl-CoA

Lipid Biosynthesis: Fatty Acid, Cholesterol and Membrane Lipid Synthesis

Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Zoologyverse

Lipid biosynthesis is the process by which cells build fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and other important lipids from smaller precursors. This guide explains the major pathways, enzymes, cellular locations, regulation, and biological significance of lipid synthesis. Introduction to Lipid Biosynthesis Lipids are much more than simple energy-storage molecules. They form an essential part of biological

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Regulation of Enzyme Action: Mechanisms, Types and Biological Importance

Biochemistry, Enzymes, Zoologyverse

Enzymes are often described as the biological catalysts that make life possible. They accelerate thousands of chemical reactions inside cells, but simply having an enzyme present is not enough. Cells must also control when an enzyme works, where it works, and how strongly it works. If metabolic enzymes remained active all the time, cells could

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Enzymes: Definition, Classification, Cofactors and Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

Biochemistry, Enzymes, Zoologyverse

Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts that make the chemical reactions of living organisms possible at useful rates. Almost every major biochemical process depends on enzymes, including digestion, cellular respiration, energy production, DNA synthesis, metabolism and the formation of biological molecules. Without enzyme catalysis, many biochemical reactions would occur too slowly to support life. Enzymes accelerate

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Protein synthesis diagram showing DNA to mRNA, ribosome-mediated translation, tRNA, amino acids, initiation, elongation, and termination

Protein Synthesis: Steps, Process, Genetic Code and Translation

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Zoologyverse

Protein synthesis is the biological process through which cells use genetic information to produce proteins. It is one of the most important processes in molecular biology because proteins perform a huge variety of functions, including catalysis, transport, structural support, signaling, defense, movement, and regulation. The information required to make a protein is stored in DNA.

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De Novo Nucleotide Biosynthesis: Purines & Pyrimidines

Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Zoologyverse

De Novo Nucleotide Biosynthesis: Purines & Pyrimidines De Novo Nucleotide Biosynthesis: How Cells Build Purines and Pyrimidines From Scratch Every time a cell divides, it needs enough new DNA and RNA building blocks to duplicate its entire genome. Nucleotides do far more than spell out genetic sequences, though — they’re the energy currency of the

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Amino Acid Biosynthesis: Pathways, Precursors and Synthesis

Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Zoologyverse

Amino acid biosynthesis is the process by which organisms synthesize amino acids from metabolic precursors such as α-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate, and 3-phosphoglycerate. Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, but their importance extends far beyond protein synthesis. They also participate in nitrogen metabolism, formation of nucleotides and other biomolecules, energy metabolism, and numerous

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RNA Splicing: The Process, Mechanism, and Types Explained

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Zoologyverse

RNA Splicing Explained: Process, Mechanism & Types RNA Splicing: The Process, Mechanism, and Types Explained Genetic information doesn’t leave the nucleus exactly as it was transcribed. Before a eukaryotic messenger RNA is ready to direct protein synthesis, large internal chunks of the transcript are cut out, and the remaining pieces are stitched back together. This

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RNA Synthesis Explained: Transcription Steps & Diagram

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Zoologyverse

RNA Synthesis: How Cells Transcribe DNA into RNA Every protein in your body starts life as a stretch of DNA — but DNA never leaves the nucleus (or, in bacteria, the nucleoid) to do the actual work of building anything. Instead, the cell makes a disposable working copy of the gene in the form of

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Fatty Acid Catabolism: Beta-Oxidation & ATP Yield Explained

Biochemistry, Metabolism, Zoologyverse

What Is Fatty Acid Catabolism? Fat is the body’s densest energy reserve, and breaking it down for fuel is one of the most important jobs mitochondria perform. In heart and liver tissue especially, fatty acid breakdown can supply the large majority of the cell’s energy needs — even when other fuel sources are scarce. The

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Oxidative Phosphorylation: How Mitochondria Make ATP

Biochemistry, Metabolism, Zoologyverse

WHAT IS OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Every cell needs a steady supply of usable energy, and for most living things, that energy comes packaged as ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of this energy-harvesting process — the point where the electrons stripped from food molecules during earlier metabolic steps get funneled through a chain of proteins,

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Citric Acid Cycle: Steps, Diagram & Energy Yield Explained

Citric Acid Cycle: 8 Steps, Diagram & Energy Yield Explained

Biochemistry, Metabolism, Zoologyverse

What Is the Citric Acid Cycle? Some cells obtain energy (ATP) by fermentation, breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen. For most eukaryotic cells and many bacteria, which live under aerobic conditions and oxidize their organic fuels to carbon dioxide and water, glycolysis is but the first stage in the complete oxidation of glucose.

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Glycolysis pathway showing glucose breakdown into pyruvate, ATP production, NADH formation, and energy investment and payoff phases

Glycolysis: Steps, Reactions, Phases & Regulation

Biochemistry, Metabolism, Zoologyverse

GLYCOLYSIS Glucose occupies a central position in the metabolism of plants, animals, and many microorganisms. It is relatively rich in potential energy, and thus a good fuel; the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water proceeds with a standard free-energy change of −2,840 kJ/mol. By storing glucose as a high molecular weight polymer

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MEMBRANE LIPIDS

Biochemistry, Zoologyverse

MEMBRANE LIPIDS Membrane Lipids function to organize biological processes by compartmentalizing them. Indeed, the cell, the basic unit of life, is essentially defined by its enveloping plasma membrane. Moreover, in eukaryotes, many subcellular organelles, such as nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus, are likewise membrane bounded. Biological membranes are organized assemblies

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STORAGE LIPIDS (TRIACYLGYCEROL)

Biochemistry, Zoologyverse

STORAGE LIPIDS Biological lipids (STORAGE LIPIDS) are a chemically diverse group of compounds, the common and defining feature of which is their insolubility in water. The biological functions of the lipids are as diverse as their chemistry. Fats and oils are the principal stored forms of energy in many organisms. Phospholipids and sterols are major

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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RNA

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Zoologyverse

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RNA The central dogma—that DNA makes RNA that makes protein—presented evolutionary biologists with a knotty puzzle: if nucleic acids are required to direct the synthesis of proteins, and proteins are required to synthesize nucleic acids, how could this system of interdependent components have arisen? One view is that an RNA world

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DNA REPAIR

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Zoologyverse

DNA REPAIR DNA REPAIR :- Mutations include almost every conceivable permanent change in DNA sequence. The simplest mutations are switches of one base for another. There are two kinds: transitions, which are pyrimidine-to-pyrimidine and purine-to-purine substitutions, such as T to C and A to G; and transversions, which are pyrimidine-to-purine and purine-to-pyrimidine substitutions, such as

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DNA RECOMBINATION

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Zoologyverse

DNA RECOMBINATION DNA RECOMBINATION:- Genetic exchange works constantly to blend and rearrange chromosomes, most obviously during meiosis, when homologous chromosomes pair before the first nuclear division. During this pairing, genetic exchange between the chromosomes occurs. This exchange, classically termed crossing over, is one of the results of homologous recombination. Recombination involves the physical exchange of

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DNA REPLICATION

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Zoologyverse

DNA REPLICATION The ability of a cell to survive and proliferate in a chaotic environment depends on the accurate duplication of the vast quantity of genetic information carried in its DNA. This duplication process, called DNA replication, must occur before a cell can divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. Maintaining order in a

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DNA – STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF DNA

Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Zoologyverse

DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid Everybody of us might have heard about this phrases like “its in your genes”, “ genes transfer information”, “ genes are responsible for similarities of parents with their offspring”, so and so and so. Now the question rises what are these genes? How they carry so much of information? And the

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STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF NUCLEOTIDES

Biochemistry, Protein & Nucleotide Structure, Zoologyverse

NUCLEOTIDES Nucleotides also plays a vital role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy—in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP)—throughout the cell for the many cellular functions that demand energy, In addition, nucleotides participate in cell signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate or cGMP and cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cAMP), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions

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