Animal Physiology

Modifications of Aortic Arches in Vertebrates Modifications of Aortic Arches in Vertebrates :- Basic embryonic plan. In a typical vertebrates embryo, the major arterial channels include a ventral aorta, a dorsal aorta and usually 6 pairs of aortic arches connecting ventral aorta with the dorsal aorta. Blood leaves the heart through ventral aorta which runs […]

Respiratory System in Vertebrates Respiratory System in Vertebrates :- Every cell in a living organism consumes oxygen (02) during oxidation of substances resulting in the release of heat and energy and production of carbon dioxide (C02). This C02 acts as a poison for protoplasm unless removed from the body. The term respiration is used in

Digestive System in Vertebrates Digestive System in Vertebrates :- Oxygen, water and food are necessary for the continuance of life. 02 enters the body through the agency of respiratory system, but water and food are first taken into the digestive tract of every living being. Associated with the tract are its derivatives or accessory organs,

Definition of Integument The term integument is applied to the outermost protective covering of the animal body, the skin, and its various derivatives. Skin also includes the conjunctiva of eyeballs and external surface of eardrums. It is directly continuous with the mucous epithelial lining of mouth, rectum, nostrils, eyelids and urinogenital ducts. Functions of integument

Placentation in Mammals What is Placenta Modes of embryonic nutrition differ in different mammals. Prototheria or monotremes (Tachyglossus, Ornithorhynchus) are oviparous like most reptiles and birds. They produce large, heavily yolked and shelled eggs. The vitelline vessels developed in the wall of yolk sac carry yolky nutrients to the developing embryo. There is no uterine

PRIMITIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF COELENTERATES AND ECHINODERMS Primitive nervous systemof coelenterates and echinoderms :- The environment and the need of organism is not constant, it fluctuate every time. So every organism need an inbuilt system that allow it to gather information about changing environment and its body need  and then allow to respond according. This

OSMOREGULATION OF FRESHWATER AND MARINE INVERTEBRATES Osmoregulation of freshwater and marine invertebrates- Regulation of osmotic pressure of an organism body fluid is refer to as osmoregulation. It allow to maintain balance of water content, fluid content and electrolytes. Hence due to osmoregulation body neither become too dilute nor become too concentrated. Right concentration of solute

EXCRETION IN HIGHER TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES Excretion in higher terrestrial invertebrates – Excretory system regulates the amount of nitrogenous material, inorganic salts and water content in the blood. Both cockroach and earthworm are terrestrial in habitat their excretion is discuss in detail. Nephridia act as primary excretory organs in case earthworm. On the basis of where

EXCRETION IN HIGHER AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES Excretion in higher aquatic invertebrates :- Process by which nitrogenous waste produce during metabolism is removed is known as excretion. Some animals such hydra, echinoderms and other may not posses proper excretory organs the reason is quite clear that they are aquatic and it is supposed that nitrogenous material may

EXCRETION IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES Excretion in lower invertebrates :- There are thousands of metabolic processes that occur in any animals body. Definitely if they provide energy, and information there are hundreds of useless by product that are also form. This by products which are formed during any metabolic reaction can be toxic for our body

ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN HIGHER INVERTEBRATES Organs and mechanism of respiration in higher invertebrates :- All animal whether big or small, aquatic, aerial or terrestrial, vertebrates or invertebrates require oxygen for performing basic cellular activities and obtaining energy. Whereas as needs carbon dioxide to be removed from our body. For obtaining energy and

ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES Organs and mechanism of respiration in lower invertebrates – Carbon dioxide can be utilized by plant for the process of photosynthesis. Other than that most of animal eliminate carbon dioxide from their body and mostly supplies their tissues and cells with oxygen. Hence respiration is process by

PATTERN OF FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN HIGHER INVERTEBRATES Pattern of feeding and digestion in higher invertebrates :- There are numerous physical, chemical as well as mechanical process by which invertebrates capture food and passes it to their respective digestive organs. For this purpose different organism utilises different body organs such as tentacles, arms, tube feet,

PATTERN OF FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES Pattern of feeding and digestion in lower invertebrates :- Every organism needs energy to perform its basic metabolic function. This energy can be obtain from food and sun. As sun is a universal source of energy but only autotrophic organism can obtain energy from sun. The energy

HYDROSTATIC MOVEMENT Hydrostatic movement :- Different organism needs different things for their survival and reproduction. To obtain food and defence itself from predator they must move. Their are different mechanism for movement one of them is hydrostatic movement. Hydrostatic movement occur when dominantly muscles are involved in their movement many organism show such kind of

INTRODUCTION Locomotion in Protozoa – Moving ones body is an essential need of any organism. Some organism are sessile while other moves at very high speed. Some organisms moves very slowly such as amoeba or euglena where as other can move fastest example leopard. There is a vast  diversity of organism on the basis of