Animal Physiology

Modifications of Aortic Arches in Vertebrates Modifications of Aortic Arches in Vertebrates :- Basic embryonic plan. In a typical vertebrates

Respiratory System in Vertebrates Respiratory System in Vertebrates :- Every cell in a living organism consumes oxygen (02) during oxidation

Digestive System in Vertebrates Digestive System in Vertebrates :- Oxygen, water and food are necessary for the continuance of life.

Definition of Integument The term integument is applied to the outermost protective covering of the animal body, the skin, and

Placentation in Mammals What is Placenta Modes of embryonic nutrition differ in different mammals. Prototheria or monotremes (Tachyglossus, Ornithorhynchus) are

PRIMITIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF COELENTERATES AND ECHINODERMS Primitive nervous systemof coelenterates and echinoderms :- The environment and the need of

OSMOREGULATION OF FRESHWATER AND MARINE INVERTEBRATES Osmoregulation of freshwater and marine invertebrates- Regulation of osmotic pressure of an organism body

EXCRETION IN HIGHER TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES Excretion in higher terrestrial invertebrates – Excretory system regulates the amount of nitrogenous material, inorganic

EXCRETION IN HIGHER AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES Excretion in higher aquatic invertebrates :- Process by which nitrogenous waste produce during metabolism is

EXCRETION IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES Excretion in lower invertebrates :- There are thousands of metabolic processes that occur in any animals

ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN HIGHER INVERTEBRATES Organs and mechanism of respiration in higher invertebrates :- All animal whether

ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES Organs and mechanism of respiration in lower invertebrates – Carbon dioxide can

PATTERN OF FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN HIGHER INVERTEBRATES Pattern of feeding and digestion in higher invertebrates :- There are numerous

PATTERN OF FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES Pattern of feeding and digestion in lower invertebrates :- Every organism needs

HYDROSTATIC MOVEMENT Hydrostatic movement :- Different organism needs different things for their survival and reproduction. To obtain food and defence

INTRODUCTION Locomotion in Protozoa – Moving ones body is an essential need of any organism. Some organism are sessile while