Comparative study of Pelvic Girdles of vertebrate The vertebrate pelvic girdles is a robust paired structure (ossa innominata) consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bone that connects the hind limbs to the axial skeleton for locomotion and support. It has evolved from the simple cartilage structure of fish to the robust fusion structure of quadrupeds that supports body weight, making it highly adaptable to bipedal locomotion, jumping, and walking […]
Comparative study of Forelimb bones of vertebrate The forelimb bones of vertebrates have homologous structures (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges) adapted to different functions such as flight, running, swimming or grasping, derived from a common ancestor. Although the basic structure is pentadactyl (five fingers), evolution has modified, fused, or reduced these bones to meet
Comparative study of Hind limb bones of vertebrate The hind limb of vertebrates have a homologous five-toed plan – femur, tibia/fibula, tarsus, metatarsals and phalanges – adapted to specific modes of locomotion. Structural variations exist: running mammals (horses) have reduced toes (cannon bones) to increase speed, birds have a fused tibia, while tetrapods like salamanders
Fish slides of Scoliodon are widely used in zoology laboratories to study the internal and external anatomy of the spiny dogfish shark. These slides typically display structures such as the gills, fins, vertebrae, muscle blocks, and sensory organs. Students examine Scoliodon slides to understand cartilaginous fish morphology, respiratory adaptations, and evolutionary features that distinguish elasmobranchs
Amphibian slides of the frog are commonly used in zoology practicals to study the structural organization of a typical vertebrate. These slides often include transverse and longitudinal sections of skin, muscle, intestine, liver, kidney, ovary, testis, and blood vessels. Students examine frog slides to understand amphibian adaptations, organ systems, epithelial types, and basic vertebrate anatomy.
Reptile slides of the lizard are widely used in zoology laboratories to study the tissue structure and organ organization of a typical reptile. These slides often include sections of skin, muscle, intestine, liver, kidney, testis, ovary, and scales. Students use lizard slides to understand reptilian adaptations such as keratinized epidermis, well-developed lungs, and efficient circulatory
Bird slides are commonly used in zoology and histology practicals to study the specialized tissues and organ systems of avian species. These slides often include sections of feathers, skin, muscle, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, ovary, and testis. Students examine bird slides to understand adaptations such as lightweight bones, efficient respiration, and high metabolic rate. Because
Mammal Slides or Rabbit slides are widely used in zoology and histology practicals to study the tissue structure and organ systems of mammals. These slides typically include transverse and longitudinal sections of skin, muscle, intestine, liver, kidney, lung, heart, ovary, and testis. Students examine rabbit slides to understand mammalian characteristics such as hair, endothermy, four-chambered
Dissection of Rat : External Features Procedure of DISSECTION OF RAT :- For external features first kill the rat with chloroform and then immerse it in a solution of lysol or any antiseptic solution. Lay the rat in a dissecting dish keeping ventral surface upwards. Note the following structures : Dissection of Rat : General
External Features Dissection of Pigeon : In order to study external morphology, take freshly chloroformed pigeon. Note that entire body, except the beak and feet, is covered by feathers. Body is regionated into head, neck, trunk and tail. The size and colour of the body vary in different species and varieties. Dissection of Pigeon :
External Features Dissection of Uromastix (Lizard) : Procedure :- Take a freshly-killed specimen and examine the external characters. Uromastix is commonly called as ‘Sanda’. Arterial System of Uromastix (Lizard) Dissection of Uromastix (Lizard) Procedure. Take a Uromastix freshly-killed with chloroform, wash it in water and lay it on its back in the dissecting dish. Pin
Dissection of Frog : External Features For Dissection of Frog Procedure :- Note and examine the following in the living frog For detailed external morphology, take a frog freshly killed with chloroform vapour. Draw a lateral or dorsal view of the frog. Examine and note the following Dissection of Frog : Bucco-pharyngeal Cavity Procedure. Open
General Instructions for Dissecton of Scoliodon For Dissecton of Scoliodon While dissecting the animal keep in mind the following points Dissecton of Scoliodon : External Features Procedure. Take a formalin-preserved or freshly-killed Scoliodon, wash in tap-water and examine the external features. Draw lateral view of the specimen. Observe and note the following features : A
Pavo cristatus, commonly known as the Indian Peafowl or Blue Peafowl, is one of the most recognizable and culturally significant birds of the Indian subcontinent. Famous for the male’s vibrant blue plumage and spectacular fan-shaped tail, this species displays elaborate courtship dances during the breeding season. Widely distributed across forests, farmlands, and village edges, Pavo
Talpa is a genus of Eurasian moles in the family Talpaidae, which includes about 13 to 14 species, including the common European mole (Talpa europaea). Known as subterranean insectivores, they are characterized by their velvety fur, burrowing claws, and the formation of earthen mounds. Although they help control insects in the soil, they are considered
Erinaceus is a genus of the hedgehog family Erinaceus. There are four main species of Erinaceus. Its range covers all of Europe, the Middle East, parts of Russia, and extends to northern China and South Korea. The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) has been introduced to New Zealand. Classification of Erinaceus (Hedgehog) Geographical distribution Habit and
Macropus, derived from the ancient Greek words μακρός (makrós) meaning long” and πούς (pous) meaningleg,” is a genus of marsupials
The echidna, or spiny anteater, is a unique oviparous mammal (monotreme) native to Australia and New Guinea, characterized by a spiny, hairy body and a long, sticky tongue used for eating ants and termites. One of five living monotremes, it is solitary, has a low body temperature, and has a baby pouch known as a
The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), also known as the platypus, is a semi-aquatic egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the only extant species of the family Ornithorhynchidae and genus Ornithorhynchus, but many related species appear in the fossil record. Along with four species of echidna, it is one of five extant
Psittacula eupatria, commonly known as the Alexandrine Parakeet, is one of the largest and most striking parakeets of South and Southeast Asia. Recognized by its long tail, powerful red beak, and the characteristic maroon shoulder patch, the species thrives in forests, farmlands, and urban green spaces. Highly intelligent and social, Alexandrine Parakeets form strong pair
