Larval forms of Mollusca Larval forms of Mollusca may serve two purposes- finding new settling sites and gaining access to the rich food supply of phytoplankton. The earliest molluscan larva was no doubt a trochophore like that of an annelid. It was a top-shaped creature with a tuft of cilia above and a ciliated band […]
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Larval Forms of Crustaceans Larval Forms of Crustaceans show both direct and indirect development. In direct development (e.g., Palaemon, crayfish), the adult is attained by progressive growth and differentiation of the embryo, so that the newly hatched young resembles the parents in general structure. In indirect development, there is a larval stage which differs from
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The majority of terebella, which may grow up to 150 millimeters in length and 15 millimeters in breadth, reside in burrows or cracks. Finding and gathering food particles from the sediment surface is accomplished by the many, extremely long tentacles that extend from close to the mouth. Unlike ampharetids, the tentacles cannot be retracted. In
The Amphitrite worm lives in a solid, sand-encrusted tube and can reach a length of forty centimeters. The three brilliant red bushy gills and a spread of long peach-colored tentacles above them are all that are visible. The tentacles are always moving, looking for food particles, and they can reach a length of forty centimeters.
Lugworms and black lugs belong to the genus Arenicola, which is commonly referred to as sandworms. On the coasts of North America and Humboldt Bay, California, A.cristata is the most common warm-water lugworm. While Arenicola marina is primarily found in Europe, including Norway, A. caroledna is more common in China and Japan. Only Southern Africa
The genus Sabellaria belongs to the Sabellariidae family of marine polychaete worms. Sabellaria alveolata is the type species (Linnaeus, 1767). These sedentary worms construct tubes out of pieces of shell and sand to survive. When found in large quantities, certain species known as honeycomb worms can create reefs on rocks and other hard surfaces. They
PRIMITIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF COELENTERATES AND ECHINODERMS Primitive nervous systemof coelenterates and echinoderms :- The environment and the need of organism is not constant, it fluctuate every time. So every organism need an inbuilt system that allow it to gather information about changing environment and its body need and then allow to respond according. This
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OSMOREGULATION OF FRESHWATER AND MARINE INVERTEBRATES Osmoregulation of freshwater and marine invertebrates- Regulation of osmotic pressure of an organism body fluid is refer to as osmoregulation. It allow to maintain balance of water content, fluid content and electrolytes. Hence due to osmoregulation body neither become too dilute nor become too concentrated. Right concentration of solute
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EXCRETION IN HIGHER TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES Excretion in higher terrestrial invertebrates – Excretory system regulates the amount of nitrogenous material, inorganic salts and water content in the blood. Both cockroach and earthworm are terrestrial in habitat their excretion is discuss in detail. Nephridia act as primary excretory organs in case earthworm. On the basis of where
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EXCRETION IN HIGHER AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES Excretion in higher aquatic invertebrates :- Process by which nitrogenous waste produce during metabolism is removed is known as excretion. Some animals such hydra, echinoderms and other may not posses proper excretory organs the reason is quite clear that they are aquatic and it is supposed that nitrogenous material may
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EXCRETION IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES Excretion in lower invertebrates :- There are thousands of metabolic processes that occur in any animals body. Definitely if they provide energy, and information there are hundreds of useless by product that are also form. This by products which are formed during any metabolic reaction can be toxic for our body
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ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN HIGHER INVERTEBRATES Organs and mechanism of respiration in higher invertebrates :- All animal whether big or small, aquatic, aerial or terrestrial, vertebrates or invertebrates require oxygen for performing basic cellular activities and obtaining energy. Whereas as needs carbon dioxide to be removed from our body. For obtaining energy and
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ORGANS AND MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES Organs and mechanism of respiration in lower invertebrates – Carbon dioxide can be utilized by plant for the process of photosynthesis. Other than that most of animal eliminate carbon dioxide from their body and mostly supplies their tissues and cells with oxygen. Hence respiration is process by
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PATTERN OF FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN HIGHER INVERTEBRATES Pattern of feeding and digestion in higher invertebrates :- There are numerous physical, chemical as well as mechanical process by which invertebrates capture food and passes it to their respective digestive organs. For this purpose different organism utilises different body organs such as tentacles, arms, tube feet,
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PATTERN OF FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN LOWER INVERTEBRATES Pattern of feeding and digestion in lower invertebrates :- Every organism needs energy to perform its basic metabolic function. This energy can be obtain from food and sun. As sun is a universal source of energy but only autotrophic organism can obtain energy from sun. The energy
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INTRODUCTION The phylum Bryozoa, or Polyzoa, or Ectoprocta are the greatest and most common of the three lophophore phyla. Colonial sessile animals such as Cnidaria and Ectoprocta were for a long time confused by early naturalist sea plants and named them as zoophytes. In 1827 Grant found that ectoprocta are highly organised than true polyps
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INTRODUCTION The Entoprocta or Endoprocta are group of small sessile aquatic animals. In which the body cavity is believed to be pseudocoel. They were formerly include in the phylum Bryozoa which however are true coelomate animals. Members of phylum Entoprocta were known as early as 1774, when Pallas describe a colony of Pedicellina. In 1870
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INTRODUCTION Phoronida are long and thin worm like organisms. All phoronids reproduce sexually. Some of them are hermaphrodite while other aredioecious. Fertilization is internal as well as external. Intermediate larval stage is present. This species generally live in coastline of mostly all oceans and seas except the Antarctic ocean. Phoronids are generally algae feeder and
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HYDROSTATIC MOVEMENT Hydrostatic movement :- Different organism needs different things for their survival and reproduction. To obtain food and defence itself from predator they must move. Their are different mechanism for movement one of them is hydrostatic movement. Hydrostatic movement occur when dominantly muscles are involved in their movement many organism show such kind of
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INTRODUCTION Locomotion in Protozoa – Moving ones body is an essential need of any organism. Some organism are sessile while other moves at very high speed. Some organisms moves very slowly such as amoeba or euglena where as other can move fastest example leopard. There is a vast diversity of organism on the basis of
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